Types of reflection

Two main types of reflection are often referred to – reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. The most obvious difference is in terms of when they happen.

Reflection-in-action refers to the thinking we do during an event, for example a teaching session, and the latter to the thinking we do after the event as we try to make sense of it. Reflection-for-action as refers to thinking ahead, thinking what we might encounter in the future (Thompson & Thompson (2018).

So, we can find material for reflection from the thinking we do while we actually do something. We can also look back at our actions reflecting on them, or we can look at the opposite direction anticipating what is likely to happen. Ideally, the various types of reflective thinking are interwoven – for example, as we practice, we should also make use of our previous thinking, our reflection-on-action, to better be able to integrate theory and practice. Drawing on our previous thinking also helps in reflection-for–action, that is, when we anticipate how future events will play out and when we prepare for them. Importantly, reflection-in-action can contribute to a greater sense of control and confidence (Thompson & Thompson, 2018).

Video metaphor of types of reflection

The various types of reflection could be described using a video metaphor. Reflection-on-action would be like watching a video that has been recorded of an event that you were part of. You might want to pause the video when you observe something meaningful – something that surprised you or made you see a mismatch between theory and practice – and rewind it to watch that part again to see it form a different angle. Reflection-for-action would involve creating a positive, imaginary video that projects how an event is going to play out and how you can act in it with confidence. Can you catch yourself behaving or thinking in a certain way as you actually practice? If you can, reflection-in-action puts you in the role of the director of the video and lets you modify the script to make it better suit the situation you are in at that particular moment.

Who to reflect with

As discussed above, you can explore your thoughts as if you were watching videos of your current, previous or future actions. However, to be able go beyond your interpretations, you need to discuss what actually happened with somebody else. During your exchange period, you can engage in reflection with local people –  your colleagues, fellow students, neighbours, a possible host family and friends.

A safe and trusting environment is a prerequisite for reflection as exploring your attitudes and thoughts and the knowledge base you draw may sometimes feel uncomfortable.